Biography of Elie Wiesel

This book was distributed in France in 1958 as La Nuit (Night), converted into various dialects, turned into the most well known throughout the entire existence of the Holocaust, likely the most compelling individual record. Elieie Wiesel's resistance to aloofness was basically because of him and his better half building up one of the most legitimate associations like the Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Foundation. It isn't right to go to different nations to discuss his convictions and why it is done to individuals. Dawie by Elie Wiesel In this report, you will see an examination of the life of the novel Dawn and its maker Elie Wiesel. In the event that you comprehend the life of Elie Wiesel, these examinations are self-evident. Elie Wiesel was conceived in Hungary on September 28, 1928. Wessel experienced numerous troublesome occasions as a youthful age. In 1944, Wessel was exiled from the Nazis and brought to death camps. His family was taken to the town of Auschwitz. Wiesel's dad, mother, and more seasoned sister kicked the bucket around evening time by Elie Wiesel Night is a diary composed by Elie Wiesel, a Jewish kid who discussed his experience during the Holocaust. His preferred action is to gain proficiency with the Talmud and invest energy with his profound mentor Moshe the Beadle at the sanctuary. At the point when I was extremely youthful, Erie was straightforward and certain for God. In any case, this conviction will be attempted when the Nazis took him from his town. That night bega n in 1941. Around then, Erie was 12 years of age. growing up The book Night by Elie Wiesel is a memory of the Holocaust about the writer's understanding during the Holocaust. Elie Wiesel was conceived in Sighet in Transylvania in 1928. A book named Night is said by a kid named Eliezer. Eliezer is the agent of the creator. Elie Wiesel said that the story isn't about his experience, however the majority of the occasions in the novel depend on the life of Elie Wiesel. Elie and Eliezer's experience has unobtrusive contrasts. This tale begins with Zeek in Transylvania. The evening of Elie Wiesel is a notorious book whose feature speaks to the torment, torment, and most significant passing saw by youth involvement with the inhumane imprisonment in Elie Wiesel. Elie Wiesel, conceived in Shige in Transylvania, is from the Jews and is extremely keen on customary Jewish strict investigations. The Wiesel family (identified with his three sisters, mother and father) was annihilated at Siguet's home and brought to Auschwitz as a component of the slaughter. Eli isolated from his mom and three sisters at the Auschwitz inhumane imprisonment, making due in Auschwitz, Buna, Buchenwald, Gleevitz.

Critically Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereotyping. Essay Example For Students

Fundamentally Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereotyping. Article Word Count: 3201B231: Social Interaction, Exam Paper 1998, Question 4. Graeme GordonStereotyping is a type of pre judgment that is as common in todays society as it was 2000 years back. It is a social disposition that has stood the trial of time and got a lot of consideration by social therapists and savants the same. Numerous ways to deal with, or speculations of generalizing have therefore been raised. This exposition assesses the intellectual methodology that categorisation is a fundamental subjective procedure that definitely prompts generalizing. Hamilton (1979) calls this a discouraging quandary. Earthy colors (1995) meaning of generalizing through partiality is the holding of defamatory social mentalities or subjective convictions, the statement of negative effect, or the presentation of unfriendly or biased conduct towards individuals from a gathering by virtue of their participation to that gathering. This definition infers that generalizing is essentially a gathering procedure, through the people minds inside that gathering. A further thought of generalizing, characterized by Allport (1954) as considering sick others without warrant, is that individuals make their brain up with no close to home understanding. This pre judgment about an entire gathering is then moved to the defamation of any people in that gathering. It is these thoughts that the paper plans to assess, through the intellectual procedure of categorisation and the above definitions that achieve three particular highlights of generalizing, that our discernment can be exhibited through. The primary quality of generalizing is over-speculation. Various examinations led found that various blends of characteristics were related with gatherings of various ethnic and national inception (Katz and Braly, 1933). In any case, generalizing doesn't suggest that all individuals from a gathering are decided in these manners, simply that an ordinary individual from a gathering can be sorted in such decisions, that they have the qualities of the gathering. All things considered, when we discuss a gathering, we do as such by envisioning an individual from that gathering. The subsequent component and normal for generalizing is the distortion of the contrast between ones own gathering (the in-gathering) and the other gathering (the out-gathering). This can be followed back to crafted by Tajfel during the 1950s the emphasis standard (Tajfel, 1981). Tajfels work was explicitly on physical boosts, and inferred that decisions on such upgrades are not made in confinement, however with regards to different elements. Applied socially a judgment about an out-bunch depends upon different components encompassing the judgment being referred to, just as saying something about the in-gathering and the connection between the two gatherings. Through generalizing and categorisation we misrepresent the contrasts between the gatherings. From this comes the impact that in accepting an out-bunch is homogenous, through misrepresented contrasts, their in-bunch isn't with particularly less over-speculation occurring (Linville, et al., 1986). The third quality of generalizing is that of the declaration of qualities. Most cliché decisions of gathering attributes are in reality moral assessments (Howitt, et al., 1989). For instance, Katz and Braly (1933) considered a gathering of understudies mentalities to towards minority gatherings. They found that Jews were ascribed to being mean (as far as cash), instead of they themselves being prodigals. Likewise, they found that there was a solid view that French individuals were sensitive. This really infers they are over-sensitive over the standard, as everyone is edgy, fundamentally, and therefore there would be no need to make reference to it. Finishing up from this, it is legitimate to state that a worth has been put on a trademark for this situation, a cliché one. An analysis with quite a bit of this exploration is that members are solicited to make decisions out from social setting in unique circumstances. Howitt, et al. (1989) express that this prompts an unfavorable ramifications: that ascribing a gathering with a trademark is additionally retaining others. In any case, generalizing prompts more than just setting a modifier onto a gathering or class. The psychological procedures that offer motivation to generalizing are a lot further than this, offering ascend to the above attributes. The subjective way to deal with generalizing is that we as a whole generalization, at different levels as a result of the basic psychological procedure of categorisation (Brown, 1995). Howitt, et al. (1989) take this view additionally, and include that it is a conventional procedure of thought to over-sum up, and afterward ensure it. We live in a mind boggling social condition, which we have to improve into gatherings, or classes. This improvement is available at all degrees of life it is a piece of our language, recognizing pooch and feline, male and female, and even in the essential intentions of recognizing food and non-food. Such categorisation may appear to be etymologically basic, yet is fundamental for instance, the characterization of components and life forms by researcher and scientists: one of the most essential elements of all living beings is the cutting up of the earth into groupings (Rosch, et al., 1976). In any case, the point must be made that, despite the fact that language recommends thus, categorisation prompts various capacities and highlights in non-people and people. For generalizing is absent in non-people, in this way, we may arrive at the resolution that generalizing is conceivable through semantics this subject is talked about further later. This categorisation likewise has shifting pro fundities of good importance, or worth, which can prompt differing levels of generalizing. For instance, the categorisation of Catholic Protestant in Northern Ireland. Categorisation is viewed as a method of requesting what we see (Billig, 1985), boosts of the outside world that should be improved, utilizing notorious pictures, to go into our momentary memory (Neisser, 1976). This disentanglement procedure changes James blossoming, humming disarray into a progressively reasonable world in which it is simpler to adjust categorisation is an intellectual adjustment. For we don't have the capacity to react distinctively to every boost, regardless of whether it be an individual, an article, or an occasion. Categorisation is significant in consistently life, just as in the most extraordinary of conditions for instance, the separation among companion and enemy. For categorisation to be helpful, we upgrade the contrast between gatherings. This was seen as the case at both social and physical levels, and later got known as the highlight standard (see above). Be that as it may, the differentiation between physical improvements and social articles must be clarified. We ourselves our social articles, consequently, we are ensnared by such categorisations. As Hogg and Abrams (1988) state: it is hazardous to ignore this thought. This can be found in the emphasis of out-bunch homogeneity (Park and Rothbart, 1982). Mary Flannery O’Connor Analysis EssayWe know about the chance and capacity to change. Be that as it may, we don't communicate this adaptability since it is a disturbance of the standard, or, of the social gathering thought. Goffman (1959) sees regular day to day existence as dramaturgical (All the universes a phase, and all the people just players Shakespeare). To disturb this is change the content, and break out of the similarity of the social gathering, self-to-self and to other people. All things being equal, this delineates through our capacity to classify, we can particularize and accomplish more with the improvements than gather more cases of foreordained classifications (Billig, 1985). In Billigs elective way to deal with generalizing, he likewise raises the purpose of classification choice an issue that subjective clinicians have frequently disregarded. Tversky and Gati (1978) found that various upgrades are decided on their similitudes and contrasts before categorisat ion and this judgment can be diverse relying upon what way the boosts is seen. Billigs point is that we should particularize before sorting and in this manner a connection has been shaped. Categorisation infers an unbending nature in our insight. Generalizations, naturally, are over speculations. Such resoluteness is definitely not a potential procedure of our cognizance categorisation don't exist in separation (Billig, 1985). As categorisation prompts numerous classes, through its definition, definitely just a single such classification might be so unbending and rigid, as different classifications must be utilized by it, and hence be adaptable. Along these lines, categorisation is definitely not an unbending procedure, however includes change which is intelligent of our cognizance and change is conceivable (clashing with Allports definition). The contrast between two gatherings influences different traits of the out-gathering, including those that are like the in-gathering. By partitioning further such likenesses, we are starting a protection against change in our perspectives and classifications. This imagination is another case of the adaptability of categorisation. In the most extraordinary cases, this can prompt an imagination showed by racial scholars, which truth be told, repudiates their preference and unbending nature of classifications. This adaptability can be represented further by contemplates that have indicated that in generalizing, individuals infer that the majority of a gathering groups a stereotypic attribute yet not all individuals. In this manner, is the requirement for unique cases, acknowledgment of individualisation and resilience (Billig, 1985). As per the subjective methodology, generalizing is a gathering procedure. It might happen in gatherings, however it is the individual minds that make up the gathering, that venture their generalizations through a gathering. We do be able to consider individuals to be people and particularize their one of a kind qualities. We can change, as even categorisation is adaptable, which sabotages the intellectual methodology with categorisation, despite the fact that it might require some investment on a social level. To finish up, the subjective methodology alone doesn't give us a comprehension of st

Strategic Management Analysis Example

Strategic Management Analysis Example Strategic Management Analysis â€" Essay Example > Introduction Sport Equipment Industry is one of the most lucrative industries in the world; sporting activities are on the rise and hence the need of more enhanced sporting equipments. The adidas Group is the second largest producer of sporting apparel in the world having a rich legacy of manufacturing high quality and technologically sound sporting equipments footwear in particular. World sports leading teams have trust in the adidas brand as it has helped them to achieve subsequent outstanding performance at times when they need it most. Across the globe, adidas commands approximately 22% of athletic footwear and apparel market second to Nike, which has 33% market share (Gay, 2010). With the current focus on innovation coupled with strategic marketing strategies, adidas will considerably expand its world market share. This paper seeks to discuss adidas group market environmental analysis together with its strategic analysis in order to understand the Sports Equipment Industry. C onsequently, the paper will discuss the strategic fit of adidas Group by providing a comprehensive SWOT analysis. The adidas Group Market Environmental AnalysisExternal environmental forces can affect an organization in a myriad of ways; understanding these forces helps an organization to tailor its activities in a manner that harnesses its competitive activities. External forces are factors outside the company that influence the manner in which firms in the same industry compete (Haberberg, et al, 2001). Owing to these facts, it is imperative for business organization to inherently understand these dynamics of its industries and markets for them to compete effectively in the marketplace. With regard to this, in order to understand adidas Group market environment, PESTEL and Porter’s five forces and how they affect the company will be discussed. The adidas Group PESTEL analysisPoliticalTurbulent political atmospheres always have greatest impacts on all business and adidas Group i s no exception. Countries within which the company operates have considerably favourable political environments that have allowed the company’s operations to thrive. In Germany, UK, France and the US for instance, have stable governments with trade laws that protect private businesses hence it is unlikely for them to introduce new controversial policies which may affect the company (Gay, 2010). The company also embraces protection and support of the rights of its employees by strictly following the current employment laws. With regard to this, the company is less likely to face economic strike threats from trade unions and other civil rights organizations. EconomicalThe adidas Group is a multinational company, and like any other multinational, the company is likely to be affected universal economic meltdown (Haberberg, et al, 2001). However, in order for adidas to maintain good economic relations in countries within which it operates, the company helps to decrease unemployment b y increasing its employees at its terminal factories. Since the initiation of the euro currency in 2002, exporting business is cheap and hence facilitating the company’s cross-border business. Labour salaries in some European countries like Germany and France are extremely expensive; owing to this, the company has relocated most of its production activities to Asia where labour is considerably less expensive.

crohns disease Essay - 486 Words

Crohns Disease Crohn s disease is a bowel disease characterized by inflammation of the different layers of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be distinguished from ulcerative colitis (a similar disease) in that Crohn s affects any part of the gut, whereas ulcerative colitis only affects the innermost layer of the colon and rectum. About 15% of Crohn s patients have severe fistulating disease. In this form, ulcer-like channels develop from the bowel wall and burrow all the way to the skin surface. Eventually, 75% of these patients require surgery. It is estimated that approximately one million Americans suffer from Crohns and ulcerative colitis. The total cost for Crohns disease was $43.1 million in 1994. While drug therapy accounted†¦show more content†¦s symptoms, supported by x-rays and biopsies of the small and large intestine. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFa, a protein released when the immune system is activated, is a major catalyst in the inflammatory process and is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Intestinal obstruction secondary to active inflammation is the most common complication. Patients with colonic involvement are at risk for developing colon cancer. Subsets of patients develop fistulas that are usually managed by medication or parental nutrition, but may require surgery. Nutritional and vitamin deficiencies are common, resulting from inadequate diet, intestinal loss of protein, or malabsorption. Systemic complications may include arthritis, skin lesions, anemia, liver and biliary disease, inflammation of the eyes or mouth, and bleeding disorders. Some of these problems resolve during treatment of the disease, but some may be treated separately. Consultations with dietitians, wound care specialists, or pain management clinicians and physiological support clinicians are not uncommon. There is no cure for Crohns disease. The goals of therapy aim to control inflammation, correct nutritional deficiencies, and relieve symptoms. This involves medications, nutritional supplements, surgery, or any combination of these factors. Medications used in treating Crohns disease include salicylates (sulfasalazine, Asacol ®, Dipentum ®, and Pentasa ®),Show MoreRelatedCrohn s Disease And Disease3608 Words   |  15 PagesCROHN’S DISEASE Crohn’s Disease is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (â€Å"GI†) tract that can occur anywhere along the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus. It is the second most common form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (â€Å"IBD†) after Ulcerative Colitis and can be hard to distinguish from it due to the overlapping signs and symptoms. They are not, however, the same. With Crohn’s Disease the inflammation most often occurs in the small intestine at the end of the ileum and continuesRead MoreLiving With Crohn s Disease1126 Words   |  5 PagesLiving with Crohn’s Disease Sharon is a 17 year old young women, her mother noticed that Sharon had lost a significant amount of weight, and she looked pale and had dark circles under her eyes. Sharon was complaining of severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, and after battling this for weeks she was extremely tired. Her doctor conducted a standard physical exam, and interviewed Sharon about her general health, diet, family history, and environment. Her doctor performed laboratory tests of blood and stoolRead MoreWomen With Crohn s Disease1564 Words   |  7 Pagesup for their obvious suffering, or because you have no idea what else to say. I have done this before, and I’m sure I’ll do it again, but sometimes those compliments can be harmful. 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Crohn’s is an autoimmune disease that affects many parts of the body. These parts include, but are not limited to the eyes, skin, liver, and most heavily the intestines. When you have Crohn s disease, your body s immune system begins attacking all of healthy cells in your GI tract, which causes inflammation. Crohn’s is an incurable disease, but because of new medicine and treatment o ptions, Crohn’s has become a livable disease. Crohn s has many different symptoms, and theseRead MoreCrohn s Disease And The Inflammatory Process1108 Words   |  5 Pages Crohn’s Disease and the Inflammatory Process Crohn s disease is an inflammatory process in the intestines that is marked by abnormal inflammation of the GI tract. Crohn’s disease is treated with a variety of single or combined therapies that work at decreasing inflammatory process. Within this essay, I will discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease, the evidence- based- practice treatment of Crohn’s and how these medications work in reducing the inflammatory process. IRead MoreInformative Speech Crohn s Disease761 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Informative Speech (Crohn’s Disease) General Purpose: To inform the audience about what Crohn’s Disease Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about Crohn’s Disease and give them a better understanding of what it is. Introduction I was a 14 year old freshman in high school when I started getting sick. I was always a pretty healthy kid who had perfect attendance records UNTIL that year. The extreme fatigue and weight-loss was the main sign to my mom that something was seriously wrong. AroundRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Crohn s Disease1306 Words   |  6 PagesCrohn’s disease had a long way to travel before it was given its name. In 1913, Dr. Dalzid was the first to recognize that there was a disease that was different from intestinal tuberculosis (Dr. Crohn, 2009-2015). He noticed this difference, and had a hypothesis that this different disease could be caused by a different bacteria. His scientific guess was that this different disease was caused by mycobacterium (Dr. Crohn, 2009-2015). Yet, all of the test done on the tissue that was taken from patientsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Crohn s Disease1836 Words   |  8 Pagesto someone with Crohn’s Disease. â€Å"But You Look So Good† I understand not knowing what to say when someone you care about is sick, and it makes sense to grab for something nice to say about that person when you are at a loss. You want to give them a compliment to make up for their obvious suffering, or because you have no idea what else to say. I have done this before, and I’m sure I’ll do it again, but sometimes those compliments can be harmful. Women with Crohn’s Disease have been found in a recentRead MoreCrohn s Disease ( Cd )1736 Words   |  7 PagesCrohn’s disease (CD) is a life-long, chronic, idiopathic inflammatory condition of the intestines that is characterized by frequent symptomatic relapse and remission. It involves inflammation and ulceration of various regions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) lining, which often extends deep into the layers of the affected areas. The associated inflammation and ulceration of the disease affects various segments of the intestines with unaffected bowel occuring between the diseased areas. CD

Samuelsons Dictum and the Stock Market - 5643 Words

SAMUELSON’S DICTUM AND THE STOCK MARKET BY JEEMAN JUNG and ROBERT J. SHILLER COWLES FOUNDATION PAPER NO. 1183 COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS YALE UNIVERSITY Box 208281 New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8281 2006 http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/ SAMUELSON’S DICTUM AND THE STOCK MARKET JEEMAN JUNG and ROBERT J. SHILLER* Samuelson has offered the dictum that the stock market is ‘‘micro efï ¬ cient’’ but ‘‘macro inefï ¬ cient.’’ That is, the efï ¬ cient markets hypothesis works much better for individual stocks than it does for the aggregate stock market. In this article, we review a strand of evidence in recent literature that supports Samuelson’s dictum and present one simple test, based on a regression and a simple scatter†¦show more content†¦If changes in aggregate dividends are harder to predict, we might then expect that factors other than information about fundamentals, factors such as stock market booms and busts, would swamp out the effect of information about future dividends in determining price and make the simple efï ¬ cient markets model a bad approximation for the aggregate stock market. II. EVIDENCE IN THE LITERATURE FOR SAMUELSON’S DICTUM There is now substantial evidence in the published literature for Samuelson’s dictum. One of us (Shiller 1981) presented evidence that was interpreted as ï ¬ nding evidence of ‘‘excess volatility’’ in the stock market relative to the efï ¬ cient markets model using U.S. data 1871–1979 (see also LeRoy and Porter 1981; Campbell 1991). The same methods did not ï ¬ nd much evidence of inefï ¬ ciency in other principal components of industry stock market indexes over the same time interval (Shiller 1989, ch. 11). In this sense, the aggregate market was found to be inefï ¬ cient and the industry deviations from the aggregate market were not found to be inefï ¬ cient. To deal with criticisms that these

Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel Free Essays

These were the rich and famous women of the Big Apple, the Broadway actresses, the wives of millionaires, or as I called them, the â€Å"Fur Coat Ladies. † They all exuded glamour, which I, Aphelia Parker, wanted more than anything. But Instead of that, I got living In a middle class environment and going to a regular high school. We will write a custom essay sample on Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now But I was lucky enough to marry my high school sweetheart, James Richard Parker. We were madly In love, so It was pretty easy to convince him to save up enough money for a honeymoon in Paris, France. Honeymooning in Paris Is excellent by Itself, but I had no Idea what amazing opportunity it had in store for me. On February 5, 1954, at around nine in the morning, I went on a walk by myself through town. Except this was not the town I usually walked through, for it was Paris, France. I was aware of the fact that Coco Channel, also known as my role model, was holding her well anticipated comeback show in Paris that day. I wanted to get a ticket, but they were sold out. As I walked past the venue of the show, there were already any well-dressed people, most of them with cameras and notepads, hoping to sneak a peek at the new collection. And that was when I Molly saw her: the most glamorous woman In the world, the woman to whom I looked up the most, Coco Channel, was within walking distance of me. I was staring intensely at her impeccable outfit: a small, black wool hat, a glossy pair of pearl drop earrings that were matched up with an even glossier pearl necklace, a black and white tweed skirt suit, a silky black shirt, sheer black stockings, and carefully crafted leather high led shoes. I then saw her pointing at me and a feeling of fear quickly came over me. Immediately after that, Coco and a young man in a well-tailored suit walked over to me. The man asked me, in French, if I could model, and being fluent in French, I answered that I could. Coco and the man told me to come with them, and before I knew It, I was whisked Into the magical world of fashion. The scenario that was occurring at Cocas show was that one of her models had abruptly fallen Ill, and I was literally pulled from the streets to take her place. While tanning nervously backstage, I was handed one of the most flawless outfits I had ever seen: a perfectly stitched Ana suit. It contained a box jacket and pants; a crafted leather high heeled shoes. I was told not only that this is the outfit that I would be wearing onstage but that I would be the first model to walk across the runway! All I had to do was simply walk to the end of the runway, turn around, and walk backstage. That is exactly what I did when it was time to do so. I can still vividly remember the hot, bright stage light shining down on me as if it was the Sun, the illicit-clack of the high heeled shoes on the smooth runway, and the feeling of hundreds of pairs of eyes fixated on me, a regular girl from the United States of America, modeling in Coco Channel’s comeback show in Paris. After Coco gave me 400 Euros for filling in for the sick model, I resumed my honeymoon with James. When we got back to New York City, I went back to witnessing at an Italian restaurant, and he went back to work in construction. We eventually got teaching Jobs at our old high school, with James teaching mathematics ND me teaching French. I was also the proud owner of a youth theater until I sold it in 1992, which was also the year I retired from teaching. Two of its biggest stars were my daughters, Betty and Sally, who both went on to be actresses on Broadway. James passed away yesterday morning in his sleep, and while going through his belongings, I discovered the pictures of our honeymoon, bringing me back to this experience. It made me realize that even though I never became a â€Å"Fur Coat Lady,† being the first model in Coco Channel’s comeback show was Just as great in my opinion. How to cite Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel, Papers Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel Free Essays They wore soft fur coats; shiny, ivory colored pearls upon their necks; slinky satin dresses; and carefully crafted leather high heeled shoes. These ere the rich and famous women of the Big Apple, the Broadway actresses, the wives of millionaires, or as I called them, the â€Å"Fur Coat Ladies. † They all exuded glamour, which l, Aphelia Parker, wanted more than anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now But instead of that, I got living in a middle class environment and going to a regular high school. But I was lucky enough to marry my high school sweetheart, James Richard Parker. We were madly in love, so it was pretty easy to convince him to save up enough money for a honeymoon in Paris, France. Honeymooning in Paris is exciting by itself, but I had no idea what amazing opportunity it had in store for me. On February 5, 1954, at around nine in the morning, I went on a walk by myself through town. Except this was not the town I usually walked through, for it was Paris, France. I was aware of the fact that Coco Channel, also known as my role model, was holding her well anticipated comeback show in Paris that day. I wanted to get a ticket, but they were sold out. As I walked past the venue of the show, there were already many well-dressed people, most of them with cameras and notepads, hoping to sneak a peek at the new collection. And that was when I Molly FOX @02927528 saw her: the most glamorous woman in the world, the woman to whom I looked up the most, Coco Channel, was within walking distance of me. I was staring intensely at her impeccable outfit: a small, black wool hat, a glossy pair of pearl drop earrings that were matched up with an even glossier pearl necklace, a black and white tweed skirt suit, a silky black shirt, sheer black stockings, and carefully crafted leather high heeled shoes. I then saw her pointing at me and a feeling of fear quickly came over me. Immediately after that, Coco and a young man in a well-tailored suit walked over to me. The man asked me, in French, if I could model, and being fluent in French, I answered that I could. Coco and the man told me to come with them, and before I knew it, I was whisked into the magical world of fashion. The scenario that was occurring at Coco’s show was that one of her models had abruptly fallen ill, and I was literally pulled from the streets to take her place. While standing nervously backstage, I was handed one of the most flawless outfits I had ever seen: a perfectly stitched Ana suit. It contained a box Jacket and pants; a matching Ana bootee made of cotton; a crisp, white button down shirt; and carefully crafted leather high heeled shoes. I was told not only that this is the outfit that I would be wearing onstage but that I would be the first model to walk across the runway! All I had to do was simply walk to the end of the runway, turn around, and walk backstage. That is exactly what I did when it was time to do so. I can still vividly remember the hot, bright stage light shining down on me as if it was the Sun, the licked-clack of the high heeled shoes on the smooth runway, and the feeling of hundreds of pairs of eyes fixated on me, a regular girl from the United States of America, modeling in Coco Channel’s comeback show in Paris. After Coco gave me 400 Euros for filling in for the sick model, I resumed my honeymoon with James. When we got back to New York City, I went back to witnessing at an Italian restaurant, and he went back to work in construction. We eventually got teaching Jobs at our old high school, with James teaching mathematics and me teaching French. I was also the proud owner of a youth theater until I sold it in 1992, which was also the year I retired from teaching. Two of its biggest stars were my daughters, Betty and Sally, who both went on to be actresses on Broadway. James passed away yesterday morning in his sleep, and while going through his belongings, I discovered the pictures of our honeymoon, bringing me back to this experience. It made me realize that even though I never became a â€Å"Fur Coat Lady,† being the first model in Coco Channel’s comeback show was Just as great in my opinion. How to cite Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel, Papers

Evolution of Auditing Free-Samples for Studentsâ€Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Compare the Changes in the New Auditor Reporting to the Previous Audit Report in ASX annual report 2016. 2.How the New Auditor reporting Enhances the Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Information (SAC 3)? Answers: Introduction An auditor is usually responsible in articulating their opinion in regard to the financial statements through audit. This is usually based or conducted in accordance with the Australia Auditing Standards. These standards require an auditor to carry out the audit work in compliance with relevant ethical standards relating to the audit engagements and plans and performing audit in order to acquire reasonable assurance whether financial reports are from any material misstatement. In essence, an audit usually entails performing procedures in order to get audit evidence on disclosures and amounts in financial report (Ettredge, Heintz, Li Scholz 2011). As a result auditors reports are some of the primary deliverable addressing output of audit work. While all the users of financial reports have signalled that auditors opinion on financial reports is valued, several have requested for an auditors report which is more relevant and informative (Ye Simunic 2013). With these, there has been ad option of the new auditor reporting requests and some related conforming amendments. Variations in the auditors reporting standard was mainly driven by call from analysts and investors far back in the year 2009, in finding means they as well as other users of the audited financial reports might benefits from these considerable understanding which auditors has on audited firm by reporting more audit specific and entity-specific information in their reports (Henderson, Peirson, Herbohn Howieson 2015). This provided extra insights in financial reporting and audited firm resulting in the auditors reports which is relatively significant, more transparent and more informative on audit being performed in the financial statements. The new auditors reporting standards entails the new ASA 570, ASA 701, ASA 700, ASA 706, ASA 705 as well as the ASA 720. With these considerations, this paper presents a discussion of the variation in the new auditor reporting in ASX annual report 2016. 1.Comparison of the Changes in the New Auditor Reporting to the Previous Audit Report in ASX annual report 2016 The new auditors reporting in the ASX annual report 2016differs with the previous audit report in terms of auditors opinion. Here, auditors opinion is current being offered at the commencement of the audit report with basis for the opinion paragraph following thereafter this is totally different from the previous audit report. In addition, auditor reporting in ASX annual report 2016 differs from the previous audit report in terms of management responsibilities. In this case, the new audit reporting requirements now comprises of new paragraph on evaluating organizations capacity to continue as the going concern, disclosing the most applicable issues relating to the going concern as well as using going concern foundation of the accounting. In addition, description of the auditors responsibilities have been greatly enhanced in order to include how an auditor exercises professional judgements; that is assesses and identifies risk, assesses accounting policies, understand internal control as well as concludes on the managements utilization of going concern in accounting as well as identifies any material uncertainties; complies with the independence requirements and communicates with individuals in charge of governance. All these disclosures are currently placed within the appendix of the auditors report which is contrary to the previous auditor report. In addition, under the new auditor reporting in ASX annual report 2016, the auditors opinion is usually located first as compared to the previous audit report. Further after the auditors opinion has been located, the new auditor reporting for the opinion paragraph then follow the opinion which state audit that audit was conducted in compliance with AAS, followed by the independence statement. This is contrary to the previous audit report that did not have to follow such requirements. Another difference that is evident in ASX annual report 2016 which is prepared in accordance with the new auditor reporting standard is that the report has enhanced explanation of auditors responsibilities including the conclusion on the managements utilization of going concern accounting as compared to the previous auditor report. Further, the new auditor report for ASX annual report 2016 is totally different from the previous auditor report in that it present auditors responsibilities particularly how the auditor communicate with the management in regard with planned scope, significant audit findings, timing of the work as well as significant deficiencies in the internal control. Under the new auditor report, there is not introductory paragraph that is included as it was in the previous auditor report. Here, introduction is usually included as part of succeeding audit opinion portion. In addition, under the new auditor report, auditors opinion section is usually included at top immediately after the recipient this is contrary to the previous auditor report that included auditors opinion in the body of audit report. Furthermore, under the new auditor report, auditors opinion is usually expressed prior to basis for opinion contrary to the previous auditor report where the auditors opinion was expressed after basis for opinion as modified opinion or below the auditors responsibility portion in case of the unmodified opinion. Under the new auditor report opinion portion of the current ASX annual report identify organization whose AFS have been audited, identify title of every statement comprising of the AFS, state that AFS have been audited except disclaimer of the opinion is expressed in those cases it should state that an auditor was mainly engaged to audit (Byrnes et al 2015). Further, under the new auditor report, basis for opinion portion is usually included for all auditors opinion including unmodified opinion this is contrary to the previous auditor report where basis for opinion portion is not necessarily included for all auditors opinions but only for the modified opinions. In essence, under the new auditor report, the basis for opinion portion is usually included after opinion portion of the report contrary to the previous auditor report where basis for opinion portion is included before opinion portion of the report. Under the current or new auditor report, the basis for opinion portion states how the audit was conducted based on AAS, referring to section of auditor report which describes the auditors responsibilities, as well as including the statement that auditor has mainly complied with all the ethical requirements particularly stating auditors independence. In addition, under the new auditor report the basis for opinion portion also include the statement that auditor exercised professional skeptism all through the audit work stating whether auditor believes that audit evidence acquired is appropriate and adequate in providing basis for opinion which is contrary to the previous auditor report where the basis for opinion were not explicitly require d under the section. Further, under the new auditor report, going concern is reported in separate section under the separate paragraph and heading unlike under the previous auditor report where going concern was intrinsic within audit report and where there was no distinct section in reporting on the going concern. In addition, under the new auditor reporting in case of material uncertainty which could cast doubt on audited companys capacity in continuing as the going concern exist, auditors include separate section in their report under material uncertainty related to the going concerns (Griffin Wright 2015). This is contrary to the previous auditor report whereby in case of material uncertainty which could cast doubt on audited capacity to continue as the going concern auditors included an emphasis of the matter paragraph. Under the new auditor report, audit included separate section under Key audit matters which is placed in the close proximity to auditors opinion in providing suitable prominence to communicated data as well as in acknowledging perceived value of the engagement-specific data to the intended users. This is contrary to the previous auditor report where key audit maters that were recorded were not specifically needed to be reported on distinct segment of the report. In addition, under the new auditor report, the responsibilities for the financial statements sections are positioned far below the opinion segment to add value to users of the financial reports. This contradicts to the previous auditor report where the responsibilities for the financial statement were mainly position at top of the report just below introductory segment before opinion segment (Westermann, Bedard Earley 2015). In addition, under the new auditor report, the auditor explicitly communicate in responsibilities for the financial statements segment that managements are responsible for evaluating an organizations capacity to continue as the going concern. This is contrary to the previous audit report whereby the auditor was not openly or clearly required to communicate in the responsibilities for the financial statements segment of the report that the managements is primarily responsible for evaluating the firms capacity to continue as the going concern (Kumar Sharma 2015). In addition, under the new auditor report, the auditors responsibilities segment has been positioned in the body of the report, far below opinion segment in adding value to users of the financial statements (Potter, Ravlic Wright 2013). This contradicts the previous auditor report where the auditors responsibilities segment for the ASX annual report was mainly positioned below managements responsibilities segment just before opinion segment. Furthermore, under the new auditor report, explanation of the auditors responsibilities is either steak inside the ASX auditors report contrary to the previous auditor report where auditors responsibilities section was in the body of the report. In addition, under the new auditor report, the auditors responsibilities segment explicitly state objectives of an auditor that misstatements could arise from error or fraud and could describe that such misstatement could be considered material. Such contradicts with the previous auditor report where by the auditors responsibilities segment did not explicitly indicate any of the requirements as they were indicated anywhere in the report. For instance, auditors objectives were stated in introductory segment of the previous auditor report. Further, the name of engagement partner under the new auditor report for ASX annual report 2016 is explicitly included in the report. Such is opposite to the previous auditor report where the name of engagement partner by the company was not particularly required to be put in the report. Under the new auditor report, other information section in the ASX annual report 2016 is included immediately after all the key audit matters are presented in the report. On the contrary under the previous auditor report, other information segment was not explicitly positioned here. Further, the new auditor reporting is usually restructured in a manner that positions the entity and audit-specific information, to be more specific, the audit opinion, in the start of audit report. This is not the case in the previous auditor report where there the report was not restructured for readability as in the new auditor report. 2.the new auditor reporting enhances the Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Information (SAC 3) The SAC 3 identifies objectives of the financial reporting as the disclosures of the information crucial to different users for evaluating and making decisions in regard to distribution of resources. The general objective of the SAC 3 is usually to identify attributes which financial information of an organization needs to possess in case it want to serve specified goals (AASB 2004). In essence, qualitative characteristics of financial information identifies type of financial information which are more likely to be significant to potential and existing lenders, investors as well as other creditors for making their decisions on reporting firm on the basis of data in the financial report. Under this case, for the financial information to be significant, it should faithfully represent what it aims to represent and should be relevant. Usefulness if the financial data is usually enhanced once there is verifiable, understandable, timely and comparable information. Thus the most fundamental or crucial qualitative characteristics of the financial information are faithful representation and relevance. With these considerations, this section presents analysis of how the new auditor reporting would enhance qualitative characteristic of the financial information. To start with, the new auditor reporting standards would enhance qualitative characteristics of the financial information in that it would enhance communication in between the investors and auditor as well as in between the auditor and individuals in charge of the governance (Botzem 2012). This in turn enhances, clear communication of the financial information to the relevant individuals. It would also enhance augmented attention by the management and individuals in charge with governance to different disclosures in the organizations financial statements which auditors report make their references. The new auditor reporting standards would enhance Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Information by taking into account of all areas that has higher assessed risk of the material misstatement or crucial risks identified as per the required accounting standards (Krahel Titera 2015). The new auditor reporting would enhance qualitative characteristics of the financial information in ASX annual report 2016 in that with the requirements for the company to include auditors responsibility paragraph, this section to the body of auditors report permits for users of financial statement to comprehend value that the auditor could bring to financial reporting process. In addition, the new auditor reporting enhances qualitative characteristics of the financial information in that is permit for materiality where any information that is material is clearly represented in the auditor report (Power Gendron 2015). This is crucial since it influences decisions which users make based on the financial information in regard to particular reporting firm. In addition, the new auditor reporting enhances qualitative characteristics of the financial information by enhance faithful representation. Here, the new auditor report represents the economic phenomena in the financial report both in numbers and words. This is relevant since for the financial information to have qualitative characteristics such as to be relevant, it should faithfully represent the required phenomena it purports to present. In addition, the new auditor reporting enhances qualitative characteristics of the financial information in that it depicts all the information necessary for the users to understand the audit report, including all the necessary explanations and descriptions (Arens, Elder Mark 2012). Verifiability, understandability, timeliness as well as comparability are some of the qualitative characteristics which enhance usefulness of the financial information (AASB 2004). Therefore, the new auditor reporting, enhanced qualitative characteristics of the financial information by ensuring that all the relevant information are presented in a concise and precise manner for easier understandability of the information. In essence, the new auditor reporting classifies and presents the financial information concisely and clearly making the information understandable. Conclusion In conclusion, auditors reports are some of the primary deliverable addressing output of audit work. With these, there has been adoption of the new auditor reporting requirements and some connected compliant alterations. The new auditors report entails the new ASA 570, ASA 701, ASA 700, ASA 706, ASA 705 as well as the ASA 720. In addition, it can be concluded that the new auditors reporting in the ASX annual report 2016 differs with the previous audit report in auditors opinion section where auditors opinion in the new auditor report is current being presented at the start of the report with basis for the opinion paragraph following thereafter this is totally different from the previous audit report. It can be concluded that in the ASX annual report 2016 the new auditor report has enhanced explanation of auditors responsibilities comprising of conclusion on the managements utilization of going concern accounting as compared to the previous auditor report. Therefore, it is evident tha t the new auditor reporting differs significantly from the previous audit report. References AASB, F 2004, Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. AASB (AASB). Arens, A, Elder, RJ Mark, B 2012 Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Boston: Prentice Hall. Botzem, S 2012, The politics of accounting regulation: Organizing transnational standard setting in financial reporting. Edward Elgar Publishing. Byrnes et al 2015, Evolution of Auditing: From the Traditional Approach to the Future Audit, Audit Analytics, 71. Ettredge, M, Heintz, J, Li, C Scholz, S 2011, Auditor realignments accompanying implementation of SOX 404 ICFR reporting requirements, Accounting Horizons, 25(1), 17-39. Griffin, PA Wright, AM 2015, Commentaries on Big Data's importance for accounting and auditing. Accounting Horizons, 29(2), 377-379. Henderson, S, Peirson, G, Herbohn, K, Howieson, B 2015, Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Krahel, JP Titera, WR 2015, Consequences of Big Data and formalization on accounting and auditing standards. Accounting Horizons, 29(2), 409-422. Kumar, R Sharma, V 2015, Auditing: Principles and practice. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Potter, B, Ravlic, T Wright, S 2013, Developing accounting regulations that reflect public viewpoints: The Australian solution to differential reporting, Australian Accounting Review, 23(1), 18-28. Power, MK Gendron, Y 2015, Qualitative research in auditing: A methodological roadmap. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 34(2), 147-165. Westermann, KD, Bedard, JC Earley, CE 2015, Learning the Craft of Auditing: A Dynamic View of Auditors' On?the?Job Learning, Contemporary accounting research, 32(3), 864-896. Ye, M Simunic, DA 2013, The economics of setting auditing standards, Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(3), 1191-1215.

vietnam war Essay Paper Example For Students

vietnam war Essay Paper Choices Tim OBrien was drafted to the Vietnam War. He didnt want to go to the war. So he went to the northern woods in the northern Minnesota. He had to make a choice whether to go to the war or not to go to the war. After spending six days with guy Elroy he decides to go. Tim OBrien went to the war for the wrong reasons. He didnt even think that there should be a war. He saw no reason at all why they should be fighting. He says I was drafted to a war I hated I was politically naive, but even so the American war in Vietnam seemed to me wrong. Certain blood shed for uncertain reason. He hated this war and had so many questions about it. he says It was my view then, and still is that you dont make a war without knowing why. he didnt believe in it and didnt know why we were fighting so why should he go to a war. He didnt want to go to war. He wasnt made for war. He even says , I was no solider. I hated dirt and tents and mosquitoes. The sight of blood made me queasy. Now come on he didn t even like anything to do with outdoors what good would he even do for our country. He minds well stay home and go to school. He was too young and had too much to lose. He even got a scholarship to a good school. I had the world dicked Phi Beta Kappa and Summa Cum Laude and president of the student body and a full ride scholarship for grad studies at Harvard. It must have been a mistake cause I was too young. a month after graduating from Macalester college. I was drafted to fight a war I hated. I was twenty-one years old, young, yes. Way too young to go to war. He was too embarrassed not to go. He was afraid to be laughed out of town. and it was easy to imagine people sitting around a table down at the old Gobbler Cafe on Mainstreet, coffee cups poised, the conversation slowly zeroing in on the young OBrien kid, how the damned sissy had taken off for Cananda. Now think about those reasons arent very good for going to fight for our country. Here he says it again. I did not want people to think badly of me. Not my parents, not my brother and sister I was ashamed of my conscience ashamed to be doing the right thing . Even he knew what he was doing was wrong, cause of his reasons for going. Well he shouldve just protested the stupid war. If he didnt believe in it then he shouldnt have. Just because he didnt want to be laughed at. He didnt believe in it so why should he go. He would have been less of a coward if he wouldve ran to Canada. He shouldve want to the war for different reasons. We will write a custom essay on vietnam war Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Theory of career development essays

Theory of career development essays There are many ways to develop theories of career development. Mainly the ideas result from personal experience including but not limited to sociological, economic, family life and environmental conditions. Other reasons why people make career decisions rely on personality and inner self. There are many theories to refer to but as our world changes everyday in many ways so does career development. As we become aware of those changes , we are challenged to develop new theories in order to adapt to the new variations in our society. Our society in which we live in has a great impact on developing a theory. It is the background and common ground that conditions and guides our behavior to choose our career. This effect may be considered a general factor but it is the greatest factor. In order to survive in society, compliance must take place. Society presents certain rules and abidance is necessary for conformity. Society depicts what is considered as acceptable behavior, family life, available resources, freedom, environment, economics, and ultimately career choice. The only possibly resilient factor to societal pressure and conditions may be the inner self which motivates individuals and sets people apart from one another. Career development is a continuous process due to the changes in society and environment. Super's concept includes economic factors influencing career development and relates them to society and labor market. The economic influence is manifested in family life and status. One's financial background affects career background. Financial security is a partial factor and can act as one less obstacle towards reaching career goals. Although financial aid is readily available, family background and wealth may result in higher expectations. It is very common to see many families with several members carrying out the same tradition of either being doctors, lawyers or related careers. Family traditions and va...

Stay Regionalized of West Morris Regional School District in NJ Research Paper

Stay Regionalized of West Morris Regional School District in NJ - Research Paper Example Representative James Button is one of the most outspoken shareholders on the West Morris Regional High School District Board of Education. He is pushing for the school district to build two new high schools and re-appropriating the students from all five counties into the two new high schools. In re-appropriating, the students from all five counties into four high schools would help improve the district's scores on state tests. Kristen Forrester is the president of the West Morris Regional High School District Board of Education. Forrester is from Washington Township. James Button claims that students from Washington Township receive $10,000 per student in state funds, Phil Garber (1). The students from the other counties in the district received $22,000 per student in state funds, Phil Garber (1). The Education Commissioner Brett Schundler and New Jersey State Governor Chris Christie support a change in the district; because it could save the towns the cost of a study, Phil Garber (1). The biggest consequence of building a high school for all the towns in the West Morris Regional High School District would be that the taxes in all the towns would increase. If all of the taxes in the towns increase it would be; because the cost to the state to build two new high schools would be astronomical. Another main concern of building a high school for all of the towns is, the cost per student would begin to decrease. The taxes would increase in all of the towns, but this would be to augment the cost of building the two new high schools. If taxes increase in the towns only to augment the cost of building the two new high schools, there would be no money left over to appropriate to the students.  

Analyze one or more main character traits of the protagonist in one of Essay

Analyze one or more main character traits of the protagonist in one of the stories. How do these traits create the action of the - Essay Example This is the character trait of Sammy and this paper is an analysis of Sammy’s character in order to trace how Updike weaves a beautiful story using this inherent weakness in the central character. The place where Sammy stands in the store gives him a full view of the intricate divisions in the store. His eyes can easily follow the customers who pick up the articles for purchase and for him â€Å"there was nothing much to do except lean on the register and wait for the girls to show up again† as it was a Thursday (Updike). The readers follow Sammy as he is also the narrator. When the three girls enter the store and when his eyes study the details of their physical appearance, Sammy becomes spellbound. The incident shows the natural impulses of a boy at the sight of his opposite sex. Sammy is overpowered by the force of female attraction: â€Å"With the straps pushed off, there was nothing between the top of the suit and the top of her head except just her †¦ it was more than pretty† (Updike). The girls have arrived there wearing their swimming suits, revealing the beautiful shapes of their bodies. He could bear the sight of the first two girls walking into the store, but the third one, Queenie's beauty, broke his heart. Sammy is an innocent boy who has not learned to live in this corrupt world. He reacts immediately to his impulses, to fulfill his desires.

Investigating Criminal Justice And Forensic Science

Investigating Criminal Justice And Forensic Science The main field of criminal investigation is forensic science. It is most important to understand to forensic science first. Forensic science is the application of the science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system (Richard S. 2007, page-5). Criminal investigation is the collection of information and evidence for identifying, apprehending and convicting suspected offenders Professor Ralph F. Turner of Michigan State University prefers: A criminal investigation is the reconstruction of the past event Either definition may be clarified further by examining the specific responsibilities of the investigator (James W.O. and Richard H.W., 2000, page no. 5). This essay will first demonstrate the brief history of criminal investigation then it will describe crime laboratory including their basic and operational services. Finely we will discuss some important technology. The aim of this essay describes criminal investigation before and now due to addition of new technologies (see appendix 1.1). History of criminal investigation Today many believe that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had considerable influence on popularizing scientific crime-detection methods through his fictional character Sherlock Holmes, who first applied newly developing principles of serology (see appendix 1.1), fingerprinting, firearms identification and questions-documents examination long before their value was first recognized and accepted by real-life criminal investigations(Richard S. 2007, page-5). Previous kind of controlled confirmation did not start to grow until the 18th and 19th centuries for crime, a time during which much of our modern -day chemistry understanding was just starting to be developed. Then new forensic term Toxicology was described by Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853) in 1840 for his criminal investigation. (White P.C. 2008, page -2). In addition Bresler (1992) suggests that in Brussels during 1843 the police took the first ever photograph of a criminal. In France early 1879 Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) appointed for police in city of Paris to process documents file with description of photographs (Lan K. P., 2005 page-4), He also devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879 in this system he applied some series of body measurements to identify criminal and others. For few decades it was good method for criminal identification after it takeover by fingerprinting nearly 1900s, early his effort make him Father of criminal identification ( Richard S. 2007, page-6). However it was first time in criminal investigation and now forensic scientists use this result for combination of analytical measurement to discriminate between groups or to compare samples. Fingerprints became more successful method for personal identification. It was Sir William Herschel, a British civil servant in India and Henry Faulds got credit for early investigation (White P.C. 2008, page-3). Francis Galton (1822-1911) First definitive study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing. He also published a book Finger Prints which contented the first statistical proof supporting the uniqueness of his method of personal identification (Richard S. 2007, page-6). On the other hand up until 1900 it had been impossible to determine if a blood sample or stain was of human or animal origin (White P.C. 2008, page-3). Then Blood groups technique immediately applied to criminal investigation in 1915 by Dr. Leone Letter (1887-195 7). Before Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered blood may organize in sub classes as A, B, AB, and O. then comes to know that, it can be use full for criminal identification (Richard S. 2007, page-6). As well as in 1910, Albert S. Osborn wrote first book Questioned Documents. In this book he developed some principles of documents analysis which is recognized by court. Apart from this an advocate Edmond Locard convinced The Lyons Police department to start police laboratory. His works was identified by forensic scientist and criminal investigators then they support him become founder and director of the institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons. He thought that when a criminal involved in criminal activity so he can be associated with crime by dust particles (Locard `s Exchange principle: whenever two or more objects come in contact with one another, there is exchange of material between them). On the behalf of this proof criminal arrested and feel guilty himself in court. Af ter 1st world-wore he was successes to agree some country to built police laboratory. Now Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is biggest laboratory in world which is analysing up to one million cases every year (Richard S. 2007, page-8). (See appendix 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4). Crime laboratory for criminal investigation Criminal laboratories are mainly developed by agencies which have prospective purpose to criminal investigation or pushed by rising order of casework. This independent agencies increased number of staff one employee to more than hundred and improved their facility in particular direction. New technology lead forensic scientist with various skills and application to face active participation in criminal justices system. There are two main basic and optional services provided by forensic laboratories. In basic services, firstly physical science unit analyses principle of geology, physic and chemistry to find out criminal with the help of crime-scene proof (drugs, paint, soil, glass and explosive). Second is biology unit which is now a day`s mainly responsible for DNA Profiling. They took DNA from various sources (like hair, blood, skin, saliva and more) and lead to arrest correct criminal. Thirdly firearms unit, they look for target of angle, which arms have been used. Then documents e xamine unit, analyze handwriting, relation between paper and ink. Finely photography unit, new technique like x-ray, ultraviolet and digital photography bring invisible things to in evidence. Other operational services are toxicology unit, Latent fingerprinting unit, polygraph unit, voiceprint analysis unit and crime scene investigation (Richard S. 2007, page-13). We will discuss in detail in next few paragraphs and how it have changed with time. (See appendix 1.1). Process and technology involved in criminal invigoration and how it developed with time Forensic evidence starts at the scene if proofs are unrecognized or handle without care at the scene, most of laboratory analysis will be unable to identify truthful proof for crime and scene cant be revisit for more effort to documented other proof. There are some people involved for responsibility this task, which are police officers, detectives, crime scene examiner, scientific support officer, or forensic scientist. In 19th century, technical supports were rising because of first most important work was identified and documented by Gross in a book Criminal Investigation for the importance of systematic approaches then his work was also influences this time for art of crime detections. Importance of content proof was first see by Locard (See appendix 1.1) which can give links in series of proof and because of him in 20th century, the big jump forward in analytical technique and electronic revolution in every branch of science to facilitate Locard trace proof which can be glass, fi bres, soil, blood, hair, and many more. This proof we can include as physical evidence. (White P.C. 2008, page -21). But it is unworkable to collect all things from crime site. The experienced investigator well-known to recognized important object and how it can be used as a proof of crime and how field expert can analysis this thing in laboratory. There is some common types of physical evidence, firstly blood, semen and saliva; with this samples they identify it`s human or animal (see appendix 1.1) in past but now with this proof a biologist can describe correct criminal with the help of DNA(See appendix 1.2). Second is, documents, to analyze handwriting, relation between paper and ink and some more aspects. There are many physical evidence like this which are; explosive, drugs, fibres, fingerprinting, firearms, glass, hair, impressions, paint, petroleum product, plastic and other polymers, serial number, vehicle light, wood and many more. This all physical evidence has their piece of history (Richard S. 2007, page-70). To identify this all physical evidence microscope have big contribution. Microscope is a device which can expand and resolve the physical evidence to identify fact behind crime. Most of physical evidence is identify in crime laboratory by microscope and it was the earliest method for forensic science so in a history of criminal investigation it has major contribution to solve many crimes from light microscope to new Morden electron microscope. If any expansion in powerful scanning, then Morden electronic microscope secure attach new aspect in forensic science. Help of the microscope, forensic scientists analyses hair, fibre and paint (Richard S. 2007, page-180). As according to Locard (See appendix 1.1) physical evidence distorted among people and during the time of crime. This physical evidence is analyzed in criminal laboratory to find out criminal. So hair is also a physical evidence to describe criminal, with hair we can find DNA of criminal (See appendix 1.2). Then fibre can be source for criminal identification. Finely paint, environment have uncountable item whose surfaces are painted. It`s not shocking to recognized paint. Thats why it`s most established kind of physical evidence by the forensic laboratory (Richard S. 2007, page-208 and 233). Some students of Orfila`s come back in 19th century to United Kingdom. They stabilised toxicology subject in their home university under authority of forensic medicine. A toxicology service given by university forensic medicine department and it is still accurate in most case today. Toxicology is most important concerned analyze from blood or urine to identify poison and it can be evidence for c rime (White P.C. 2008, page -318). On the other hand DNA verification is now extensively acknowledged as a forensic technology for open range of criminal investigations. It promote police to criminal by identify DNA profiling. DNA profiling is a database or information about human and every human have unique information in their DNA. This technique also can describe suspect (Richard L. 2008, page-19). DNA application purpose to criminal case was quick through some renowned cases in the eyes of everyone. DNA profiling is approximately occupied for established now and DNA profiling is one of the most powerful tool in forensic science. It allows identifying very strongly to criminal. Before this technique (DNA profiling) fingerprinting was used. DNA can be found at crime side by hair, saliva, skin, lip-prints, tissue, bone, urine and more. This evidence is analyzed in criminal laboratory and outcome is satisfactory criminal. DNA has big area of information so it is impossible to descri be everything about it in this writing work (Andrew R.W. and Julie M.J, 2008, page no. 138). However it is suggested that only two people have matching set of fingerprint in many million. That`s why is an successful path to recognized criminal. This method was found so far away (for history see appendix 1.1). Now we have many new technology, most of them very expansive but is very economical. It is not possible to describe more about it because it has many different pattern systems and this project have some words limits (Lan K. P., 2005 page-68). (See appendix 1.2). Finely two more important additions are computer forensic and internet in criminal investigation. From 1990, hardly any field progressed as quickly as computer technology. It turns out to be an essential basis of evidence for criminal analysis. It provides very faster response to analysis of criminal identification. Computer forensic concerned to storage data, gaining data and explanation of computer data. Data stored in some devices like iPods, camera, memory stick, smart cards, and others. Technique to get data from these devices is more not easy but it is unique. Now only we can use data to identify crime but we can also operate many task. Like cyber crime, mail box, and others so it is a newest technology which is involved in many areas of forensic science. Related to computer forensic we can also talk about forensic science and internet (Richard S. 2007, page-524). Besides internet is main source of communication now. Anyone can get millions of information on internet. No subjec t or profession remain untouched by the internet, including forensic science every week many information are uploaded about forensic science. So we can have lots of information from internet about it. Apart from this all forensic science agency exchange their information from internet (Richard S. 2007, page-553). (See appendix 1.1). Conclusion The aim of this essay was to evaluate the effect of technology in criminal sciences to prove perfect result to identify criminal. It was unable to predict correct criminal with the help of series of body measurements but evaluation of fingerprinting become most accurate and cheep method. Then recently addition of DNA profiling and computer forensic start to predict most passable criminal identification, this new technology including internet may have big contribution to further development of criminal investigation because their aspects are endless. DNA, fingerprinting and computer forensic are very big area but it described briefly due to worlds limits. Finely as I have shown there is clear difference between traditional and modern criminal investigation.

Private schools vs public schools Essay

Introduction: The controversy related to private schools vs public schools has developed over the years. Several arguments have been forwarded from the proponents of both view points and have eulogized the one stream of schools over the other. Private schools are generally regarded a better option for educating the children if one has the resources.   Private schools are able to execute more effective and efficient educational policies and programs and can take on better teachers owing to strong financial backup that itself is generated through heavy students tuitions. In contrast to private schools, public schools are funded by government treasury and have little sources to finance the more modern and effective education policies and methodologies. This paper will analyze the pros and cons of both streams of schools systems. Private Schools: Less-population-More Concentration: The most important aspects of private school as compared with public schools is the strength of the students at class and school level. Private schools have smaller number of students as mainstream students attend the local public schools. National Center for Education Statistics says in this regards; â€Å"As reported by teachers in 1999-2000, average class size for self-contained classes tended to be somewhat larger in traditional public and public charter elementary schools than in private elementary schools.† (NCES) According to a web site called Public School Review, â€Å"Private schools average 13 students per teacher, compared with an average of 16 students per teacher in public schools† (publicschoolreview). So public schools are more crowded as compared with private schools. This strength ratio clearly manifests that in private schools more attentions and concentration can be given to individual students. This one to one attention remains a hallmark of the private schools. Higher education Focused Courses and Programs: The second most important strength of the private schools is that it offers supplementary enhanced and higher education focused lessons and courses and their objective remains to polish their students to join an institute of higher education. NCES’ study shows in this regard; At least 40 percent of elementary schools in all sectors reported offering students extended, before-school, or after-school daycare programs. Private and public charter elementary schools were the most likely to offer such programs. An estimated 65.1 percent of private schools and 62.9 percent of public charter schools offered such programs, compared with 46.5 percent of traditional public elementary schools. (NCES) In comparison with private schools, public schools seem working on the conventional philosophy that each student is unique and college education does not suit everyone and hence no one should be forced to go ahead with higher education and they should be allowed and encouraged to choose and carve their own future paths.   Courses: Public schools offer general programs whereas private schools offer specialized programs for students that can enable them to take specialized courses at college and university level. In public schools the education of the students is pre-decided by the state what they have to learn and parents and/or students have no say in this regard. Private schools provides flexible programs and students and their parents can opt from variety of options. Great school staff website highlight and analyze the impotence of these flexible courses and says; Private schools have the flexibility to create a specialized program for students. For example, private schools may use art or science in all classes, or take children on extended outdoor trips that blend lessons across the curriculum. Private schools can create their own curriculum and assessment systems, although many also choose to use standardized tests. (Great School Staff, 2008). Less Bureaucracy: Another indirect advantage that contributes toward the overall efficiency of the private schools is the minimum role of state bureaucracy. Less time is spent on formalities including following unnecessary state policies and paperwork and thus more time is available to concentrate the quality of education, syllabus and methodologies. Teachers are more independent in their classrooms and they work out certain creative strategies to teach their students in an innovative way. The efficiency and usefulness of public schools is marred because they have to go after all national, state and local policies pertaining to education as well as finances. Higher Academic Excellence: Quality of education is the most important tool to measure the excellence of either a private school or a public school. The study â€Å"The 2003 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)† conducted by National Center for Education Statistics reveals that private schools produce more excellence academically than public schools. This comparison in academic excellence was conducted at various levels and in various subjects. The results of a grade 4 â€Å"Reading† discloses that; â€Å"In the first set of analyses, all private schools were compared to all public schools. The average private school mean reading score was 14.7 points higher than the average public school mean reading score†¦.† (NCES) Same was the case with Grade 4Mathamirtics where private school’s students scored 7.8 higher than the public schools’ students. Same results were shown for Grade 8. This study is a clear manifestation of higher academic superiority and quality of education they offer. Safety at Campus: General school environment related to safety and conflict among students is another factor that parents keep in mind while opting for a schools. This is an important factor as Schools are not only a home to impart quality education but they are also concerned with the personal grooming of the children. Safe and sound environment reflects itself in the development of a good and healthy personality whereas conflict-ridden environment does not produce high-quality characters. Studies show that Private schools’ campuses are less prone to conflict as compared with Public schools. NCES reports manifests; Private school teachers were also less likely than teachers in other sectors to report physical conflicts among students as a serious problem in their school. Just 1.0 percent of private school teachers reported that physical conflicts among students were a serious problem in their school, compared with 4.8 percent of both traditional public school and public charter school teachers. (NCES) Public Schools Proponents of the public schools forward certain arguments and supported evidence in favor of academic excellence at public schools. They further quote various studies in favor of their prepositions. The most important arguments forwarded by advocates of Public schools are as under; Enhanced Extra and co-curricular activities: This does not suggest that public schools have no advantages over private schools. Public schools can offer more on co-curricular activities and can fund more activities in this realm than private schools. Maureen Boland says in this regard; Most public schools are simply bigger than private schools, and have enough students to pull off a science fair or power a chorus or computer club. What’s more, federal and state laws require public schools to provide diagnostic and disability services. Public schools are more likely to offer gifted and talented and remedial programs, too. (Boland) Higher Teacher Qualification: NCES study reveals that Public schools teacher are more qualified as compared with their private school counterparts. Furthermore, teachers form public schools attend the professional development courses more often. The study says; â€Å"Among full-time traditional public school teachers, 59.3 percent participated in such professional development activities, compared with 55.2 percent of full-time public charter school teachers and 43.1 percent of full-time private school teachers.† (NCES) Adherents of public schools are of the view that â€Å"Private school innovations do not in every case stimulate improved practices at the public schools with which they compete.† (Rothstein et al) They further illustrate that â€Å"Private elementary school personnel are not necessarily more accountable to parents than are public elementary school personnel.† (Rothstein et al) Conclusion: The above-mentioned arguments of the proponents of the public schools can easily be refuted as the primary objective of the schools remains imparting academic excellence and quality education whereas co-curricular activities and higher teacher professional development are secondary or subservient to the stated primary objective. Public schools are cost effective as compared with private school because they are hugely funded from the state treasury. But the abovementioned arguments and supported evidence clearly manifest that this cost effective sacrifices the quality of education. Although private schools charge huge amounts as fees but there are two valid reasons for this. Firstly they are self-sponsored. Secondly they need huge amounts to spend on the quality of education they produce or wish to produce. On the whole, private schools are more focused and thoroughly committed to the development of education with excellence. They do not believe in the mere transfer of knowledge but take into account the aptitude and mental inclination of the children and believe in charging their creative batteries. The faculty member of the private schools earn more and thus are dedicated toward their work and hanker after more excellence. References Boland, Maureen. Public vs. private: Which is right for your child? Parent Center. Center on education Policy. Are private High Schools Better Academically Than Public High School? October 2007. Great Schools Staff. (2007). Private vs. Public: What’s the Difference?. National Center for Education Statistics. Schools and Staffing Survey, 1999-2000: Overview of the Data for Public, Private, Public Charter, and Bureau of Indian Affairs Elementary and Secondary Schools. Fast Facts. Public School Review. Public Versus Private Schools. Retrieved March 23, 2008 at Web Rothstein. Richard, Carnoy, Martin & Benveniste, Luis. Can Public Schools Learn From Private Schools? Case Studies in the Public & Private Nonprofit Sectors. Economic Policy Institute.    U.S. Department of Education. Comparing Private Schools and Public Schools. Retrieved March 23, 2008 at Web Site:nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/studies/2006461.pdf   

Artist: Andy Warhol Essay

Perhaps no artist in American history has embraced ambiguity more willingly than Andy Warhol. To this day, scholarly interpretations of his multi-faceted creative output struggle to define Warhol’s essential aesthetic, and also to resolve the central debate relative to his artistic career, which centers around crucial definitions of â€Å"pop art† and â€Å"avant garde† expression. Warhol, regarded by many as an apologist for twentieth century American culture, receives an equal portion of accolade for being twentieth century American culture’s most accomplished satirist and critic. As an artist with â€Å"roots in commercial design, who, by 1965, was already a celebrity commanding large commissions and shows in major galleries† Warhol occupied a unique aesthetic position which allowed him to forward a number of ground-breaking artistic works which disturb â€Å"the image of Pop as a crass, commercial cousin to the more genuinely radical movements of the period† while remaining a successful capitalist and popular celebrity-artist. (Rifkin 647) Warhol remains a â€Å"leading exponent of the pop art movement,† which is viewed by art historians and critics as an important movement in the mid-twentieth century. Warhol’s use of â€Å"commonplace objects such as dollar bills, soup cans, soft-drink bottles, and soap-pad boxes† is his paintings, collages, and other works emphasized what was then considered a bold new voice in experimental art. paradoxically, the â€Å"experimental† attributes of this new art drew their origin from common, everyday cultural objects, with which Warhol seemed to be attempting to â€Å"ridicule and to celebrate American middle-class values by erasing the distinction between popular and high culture† while simultaneously attempting to blur or erase the line between popular expression and experimental techniques. (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) In addition to blurring the lines between pop-art and avant garde experimentalism, Warhol also blurred the lines between the personal and impersonal in his art. His idiom incorporated elements of modern society, particularly repetitiveness and â€Å"emptiness† which played equally visceral roles in the impact of his works. In doing so, Warhol admitted into his art, a personal element which often made us of erotic and sexual themes, but which were expressed by way of an intermediary medium or set of contemporary images which seemed to be rife with symbolic association but which might just as easily comprise merely a clever pastiche or surface-level recapitulation of social mores and icons. Warhol produced â€Å"multi-image, mass-produced silk-screen paintings: for many of these, such as the portraits of Marilyn Monroe and Jacqueline Kennedy, he employed newspaper photographs† which allowed for an impersonal medium and yet which produced indelible, iconic visual statements. (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) Warhol’s idiom developed from his lived-experience. Rather than utilize his personal life for theme and subject matter, he incorporated his biographical experiences: those of a Bohemian, East-coast avant-gard artist into his techniques and in to his supporting cast of assistants. In the 1960’s Warhol â€Å"and his assistants worked out of a large New York studio dubbed the â€Å"Factory. † In the mid-1960s Warhol began making films, suppressing the personal element in marathon essays on boredom. In The Chelsea Girls (1966), a seven-hour voyeuristic look into hotel rooms, he used projection techniques that constituted a startling divergence from established methods. Among his later films are Trash (1971) and L’Amour (1973). With Paul Morrissey, in 1974 Warhol also made the films Frankenstein and Dracula. In 1973, Warhol launched the magazine Interview, a publication centered upon his fascination with the cult of the celebrity. † (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) The influence of his life upon Warhol’s notions of compositional methods gained reinforcement from similar avant-gard artists, poets, and publishers in the 1960’s. Many of Warhol’s associates â€Å"Floating Bear, and Ed Sanders’s Fuck You: A Magazine of the Arts transmitted gossip and/as new literary works; for the extended community who read them, the little magazines functioned as a kind of group epistolary romance† which indicated the juxtapositioning of biography and artistic expression. As such, the â€Å"fast-paced intimacy of these productions appealed to Warhol, who worked to integrate these attributes of the mimeograph medium, as well as the personalities who populated the journals, into the production and distribution of his early films† and also, into his photographically inspired portraits and other paintings which had revitalized a thought-to-be-dying sub-genre. (Rifkin 647) So, in some ways, Warhol seemed to be acting directly against the contemporary social mores of his time: he was openly homosexual, lived as a Bohemian reveler, with a reputation for excess and he made dramatically ambiguous public statements which seemed to stoke the fires of controversy, he was also a self-professed lover of contemporary culture and pop-culture. A good case in point is Warhol’s famous response to â€Å"Gerard Malanga’s â€Å"Andy Warhol on Automation: An Interview,† originally printed in Chelsea magazine in 1968: â€Å"Q. How will you meet the challenge of automation? A. By becoming part of it† (Pratt, 37). In the end, Warhol’s statement about automation is both self-effacing and self-elevating; he is suggesting, in fact, that he not only understands the ways and means of contemporary culture but understands how to submit to it in order to glean artistic and creative insight and power, but he is also admitting to a denial (or subsuming) of the individual into the non-personal culture as a whole. For example, Warhol said he â€Å"thought that â€Å"making money is art and working is art and good business is the best art† and recommended that in love affairs we follow at least one rule: â€Å"I’ll pay you if you pay me. † (null18) Warhol’s comments frequently invited cultural projection; that is, his statements allowed an individual or group of individuals to foist their own beliefs onto his words. This is a similar operative method which propels most of his important creative work as well. Warhol seemingly understood the public persona to be a function of artistic expression– and vice-versa. At play in all of Warhol’s works is â€Å"an interaction between Warhol’s supposed subjectlessness and the suspicion that this is, in fact, an impossibility. The desire to penetrate this impassivity has inflected much of the critical and art historical commentary on Warhol as well, where a dialectic frequently unfolds between the attempt to define the artist’s meaning and the tacit assumption that neither he nor his art will provide the means to do so. † (Joseph) In order to understand Warhol’s work or his life, it is necessary to conceded that they are absolutely inseparable. â€Å"In a large portion of the writing on Warhol, the result is an analysis that cedes to projection, with the overall impression being one of an ineffectual and unenlightening hermeneutic spinning out of control. â€Å"[I]t’s often impossible to distinguish the authentic Warhol from the act,† which, of course, concedes another fact: that Warhol’s expressive and creative techniques alone may fail to rise to the level of enduring and meaningful art sans the impact of his public persona and biographical details. (Joseph) From this perspective, many of Warhol’s attempted works, from his dozens of films, to his thousands of silk-screens and sketches, may be of less intrinsic value than is widely supposed: â€Å"the role of avant-gardes has always been, as John Ashbery maintained in his founding article on Pop, to â€Å"call attention †¦ to the ambiguity of the artistic experience, to the crucial confusion about the nature of art† rather than to express, with finality, assumptions about the form and function of art, per se. (Rifkin 647) Warhol seems forever poised between these two worlds: the world of the pop-artist with its attending celebrity and riches and the world of the avant gard experimentalist with its womb-like world of underground poetry, music, theater and â€Å"fringe† characters of all kinds. Against this central dichotomy, Warhol’s aesthetic emerges like a spiderweb over a canyon and anyone attempting to cross over upon it, including, perhaps, Warhol himself is probably doomed to experience a very long fall. Part of the fall is in the â€Å"challenge still posed by the core of Warhol’s art is that of articulating the means by which meaning is produced in the midst of such impassability. If Warhol’s archive stands as a sort of metonym of its subject, then the profusion and disparity of materials within justly calls to mind one of the most famous maxims from The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (from A to B and Back Again): â€Å"I never fall apart because I never fall together. † (Joseph) A paradigm for Warhol’s unique melding of popular and avant garde techniques is his famous works in portraiture. This genre where he so famously distinguished himself also shows his propensity for making profitable art, and for celebrating the celebrity social worlds he so loved. His reinvention of portraiture, though viewed as astonishingly radical, simply incorporated the most modern of new visual technologies at the time: the photograph, to revitalize what had been a dead genre of patining and visual art. Warhol’s conclusion was that â€Å"the best method of electrifying the old-master portrait tradition with sufficient energy to absorb the real, living world was, now that we see it in retrospect, painfully obvious. The most commonplace source of visual information about our famous contemporaries is, after all, the photographic image, whether it comes from the pages of the Daily News or Vogue. † (Rosenblum 208) However, viewed closely, Warhol’s most famous work: his Marilyn Monroe portrait, reveals itself as much more classically inspired than its radical reputation would suggest : â€Å"No less than the medieval spectator who accepted as fact the handmade images of Christian characters who enacted their dramas within the holy precincts of church walls, we today have all learned to accept as absolute truth these machine-made photographic images of our modern heroes and heroines. When Warhol took a photographic silkscreen of Marilyn Monroe’s head ( fig. 126 ), set it on gold paint, and let it float on high in a timeless, spaceless heaven (as Busby Berkeley had done in 1943 for a similarly decapitated assembly of movie stars in the finale of The Gang’s All Here), he was creating, in effect, a secular saint for the 1960s that might well command as much earthly awe and veneration. (Rosenblum 208) Such interpretations provide a rich glimpse into the ambiguity of expression, the fusion of opposites, which Warhol achieved with brilliancy during his extraordinarily diverse and celebrated career. Warhol presented an enigma, perhaps, but one which stripped of its mystery, still revealed merely a poker-faced perceiver of contemporary America — or not. Just as easily, Warhol could be viewed as a visionary Bohemian, a gay-rights activists and a visionary of underground culture. That he could paint â€Å"simultaneously Warren Beatty and electric chairs, Troy Donahue and race riots, Marilyn Monroe and fatal car crashes, may seem the peculiar product of a perversely cool and passive personality until we realize that this numb, voyeuristic view of contemporary life, in which the grave and the trivial, the fashionable and the horrifying, blandly coexist as passing spectacles, is a deadly accurate mirror of a commonplace experience in modern art and life. † (Rosenblum 210) Works Cited â€Å"Warhol, Andy. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004. Joseph, Branden W. â€Å"The Critical Response to Andy Warhol. † Art Journal 57.4 (1998): 105+. Leung, Simon. â€Å"And There I Am: Andy Warhol and the Ethics of Identification. † Art Journal 62. 1 (2003): 4+. Mattick, Paul. Art & Its Time: Theories and Practices of Modern Aesthetics. New York: Routledge, 2003. Pop out: Queer Warhol. Ed. Jennifer Doyle, Jonathan Flatley, and JosE Esteban MuNoz. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996. Pratt, Alan R. The Critical Response to Andy Warhol. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. Rifkin, Libbie. â€Å"Andy Warhol, Poetry and Gossip in the 1960s. † Criticism 40. 4 (1998): 647. Rosenblum, Robert. Selected Essays Selected Essays. New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers, 1999.